نشریه جامعه شناسی سیاسی ایران
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، تابستان 1400)

In this research, with analytical-descriptive method, the matter of conflict between the official document as the original reason and the secondary evidence, especially the testimony that causes the defect in the document and its provisions, what is the reason and under superior conditions? had been addressed. Following the law of Iran and its feasibility with the law of France and the Common law system, in order to obtain the reasons for the conflict of the document with other reasons, especially testimony due to violation of laws and regulations in Iranian law and negligence of the legislator in making laws. Based on the developments in the nature of real estate ownership in Articles 22, 46, 47 and 48 of the Iranian Registration Law, the conflict between the creative system and the ownership certification system is evident. The results show that there is a conflict between testimony and official document in financial systems such as France and Iran, which has caused complexity and problems in the nature of real estate ownership, the most important aspect of which is the acceptance of secondary evidence such as testimony against official document with sellers having official documents and third parties. The emphasis of the French legal system on the issue of original and secondary arguments is the solutions that have been proposed to prevent the conflict of documents in Iranian law.

Civilization is an order, which causes that cultural creativity, becomes possible and current. Islamic civilization, which based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH), has gone through up and down since its formation. In addition to the causes of the glory and grandeur of this civilization, factors have also weakened and lagged behind it. Sectarianism among Muslims has been one of the causes of the backwardness of Islamic civilization. The purpose of this study is to investigate and explain the role of the Baha'i sect in the decline of Islamic civilization. This research has done by qualitative interpretive study method, using library resources and reputable sites. According to the findings of this study, the Baha'i sect, by creating divisions and differences among Muslims, waging political and social conflicts, cooperating with the colonial powers against Islamic nations, and accompanying the formation of the Israeli regime in Islamic lands, has played an effective role in weakening and retreating of the survival of Islamic civilization.

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the formation of cover change in Reza Shah's period and to understand his intentions in this field based on "intentional-contextual hermeneutics of Eric Hirsch". In this regard, the question we are looking for an answer to is: "What are the grounds for the formation of the idea of changing the cover of Iranians during the reign of Reza Shah and what was the intention of Reza Shah to change the cover of Iranians after the beginning of the monarchy?" The results of the research obtained by applying historical data in the form of analytical-descriptive method and based on Hirsch theory by examining the context and text, show that the developments of the Qajar period, the growth of modernity, the personal life of Reza Shah before the reign, along with political and environmental contexts. The period after his reign has had a direct impact on the formation of the "idea of changing the clothing of Iranians" in the perspective of Reza Shah. Regarding Reza Shah's intentions, what has been achieved is that nation-building in accordance with the will of the Pahlavi political system, national unity and the survival of Pahlavi rule, reducing the influence of Islamists, Westernization as removing preconditions for development and liberation from the imagined Pahlavi humiliation The first was at the expense of humiliating cultural norms, including Reza Shah's main intentions and intentions in changing the style of clothing of Iranian citizens.

The present article seeks to examine and analyze the harms of not registering a temporary marriage; In this regard, an attempt has been made to study the course of legislative developments in this regard and to identify and study the effects of marriage registration in different legislative periods. The results of the research show that although the obligation to register a marriage event has a legislative history; However, at some point in time, the criminalization of this act was questioned by the jurists of the Guardian Council, and since this was met with criticism, the legislator finally registered the temporary marriage in some articles of the Family Protection Law (approved in 2012). In some special cases and conditions (pregnancy, agreement of the parties, condition of the contract) required. Also, the results of this article indicate that due to the many social harms and problems that occur in not registering a temporary marriage, and in order to protect the family unit, this criminalization is not enough and it is necessary for the legislator to review the relevant laws to register marriage. Make the temporary as absolutely mandatory as the permanent contract and do not restrict the obligation to register it to certain restrictions.

In the present study, the effect of social capital on the political tleaning of reformism and fundamentalism of the citizens of Khuzestan province was examined. In this regard, the polarization of the political tendencies of reformism and fundamentalism of the citizens during the 3 elections of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1997, 2005 and 2013) was designed and analyzed according to the amount of social capital. Data analysis was assisted by regression tests, F analysis, T test, and structural equation analysis in the form of SPSS and PlS- Smart software. The statistical population of this study was the citizens of Khuzestan province and the statistical sample of 5 cities had a population of more than 100,000 people. The necessary information was collected using a questionnaire and a possible multi-stage method. Then, to obtain the validity or validity of the data, the SVR criterion and the experimental criterion criterion were used as standard. Using the results of the study, it was found that the dichotomy of reformist and fundamentalist political tendencies is completely influenced by the amount of social capital in different areas of the statistical community and a significant relationship between this type of political leaning and social capital was confirmed according to demographic variables. . Also, the compass index of political leanings showed that the highest and lowest political affiliations affected by social capital were seen in the political tendencies of reformism and fundamentalism of the citizens of Khuzestan, respectively.

egypt is one of the most important countries in the Islamic world. With the formation of the 2011 revolution, the people of this country had high hopes that the former authoritarianism would move towards democracy. However, the existence of various causes and factors, including the role of the army in the political structure of this country, left the path of democracy in this country half-finished. Given this, the main question of the present article is how the role of the army in the process of authoritarianism and democratization in the developments in Egypt before and after 2011? In response to this pivotal hypothesis, the military has been the main obstacle to the transition to democracy in Egypt before and after 2011, due to its efforts to strengthen the authoritarian process. In the time of Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, he has followed the same trend of authoritarianism in the time of Mubarak and is trying to control the country in different dimensions. This has severely weakened the transition to democracy along the way. The type of research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies.

The present study seeks to answer the question of what objective and subjective fields have been formed on the basis of the crisis of the constitutional government and the establishment of the dictatorial government of Reza Shah in Iran.The present study seeks to answer the question of what objective and subjective fields have been formed on the basis of the crisis of the constitutional government and the establishment of the dictatorial government of Reza Shah in Iran. Other major sub-issues are also considered under this main issue; For example, why the efforts of the Iranians to achieve a modern state failed in a democratic framework and on the basis of those efforts an authorized and centralized government emerged; And how the conceptual framework in the developed Western societies emerges in the underdeveloped Iranian society, which had barely taken the first steps towards transition to modern society;However, in other historical periods of Iran, when the objective background of society is far more suitable for the emergence of a democratic state, the constitutional conceptual system does not occur. In this study, so as to answer the questions, Max Weber's point of view on the relationship between thought and society in the formation of social phenomena or the theoretical model of "selective proximity " as well as Isaiah Berlin's outlook on the type and function of intellectuals have been used.

 Social capital, along with economic and human capital, is part of the national wealth of any country and society, which can be considered a sufficient position and platform for the use of human and physical capital, as well as a way to success. Regardless of social capital, no system will be able to reach capital. In such a way that most groups, organizations and human societies can not achieve enough success without social capital, and relying solely on economic and human capital. This study aims to investigate the role of social capital in the efficiency of the political system by descriptive-analytical method. Social capital is one of the new concepts that has been proposed in the economic and social studies of modern societies. At the most general level, social capital is a characteristic of a community or social group that increases the capacity of collective and voluntary organization to solve reciprocal problems or public problems.

Lawyers believe that the notion and function of "Delegated legislation "depend on some situations and necessity require parliament which has the function of legislature originally delegate its powers to a person or body temporarily . this delegation has different forms but when originated from requirements and political and economic situations a country or international makeup . this article reviews some aspects of delegated legislationInfluenced by the situation of political sociology in Iran during the constitutional era. (1358-1285).and analysis the reasons of the situation that lead to delegated legislation trough an descriptive study . the final outcome of this article shows that geopolitical conditions (geographic location and oil) and its interior consequences are the main reasons of delegated legislation to some persons as artour Milispouh from united nations of america,dr. the prime minester mohammad Mosadegh-al saltaneh,ahmad Ghavam o assaltaneh,the prime minister mohammad ali Foroghi and Samsam ol saltaneh bakhtyari cabinate.

With the widespread and comprehensive spread of the coronavirus, it has been able to affect the way all government agencies serve, so accountability in good governance is one of the important issues that will gain public trust in the current situation, and therefore Religiosity and observance of ethics as an effective component on it and can be examined. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection in the descriptive-survey group. The study population of the Ardestan governor's office staff was 160 people who were randomly selected using the Morgan sampling table, 112 people were selected as the available sample. To collect data, the standard questionnaire of Glock and Stark (1965) in the localized sample and the model used in the study of Sirajzadeh et al. (2005) and the standard questionnaire of organizational accountability of Ramzak (2005) were used. Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the religiosity of governorate staff and professional accountability in critical conditions of the outbreak of coronavirus in confidence conditions of 0.95 (r = 0.223). There is a significant relationship between the religiosity of governorate staff and legal accountability in critical situations of coronavirus outbreak (r = 0.187) (p <0.05). Also, there is a significant relationship between religiosity and organizational accountability (r = 0.315) at the level (p <0.01). But the findings show that there is no significant relationship between religiosity and political accountability (r = 0.141) (p <0.138)

 Defining each of the developed parameters in the research model has a theoretical basis. The theoretical framework of the research is developed using the views of Giddens and Engelhart. The research method in this research is documentary and survey and the tool of data collection is questionnaire which its validity and reliability is approved. The statistical population of this survey is all students of PayamNoor universities in Isfahan province and the number of sample is 384 and the method sampling is stratified random sampling. In this regard, the test results of the hypotheses showed that the average of confidence in political institutions among the sample is 2.35, the average of confidence in political activists is 2.79 and the average confidence in the political system is 2.19. Other results also showed that the average of political trust of Facebook users is lower than that of non-users, and this difference is significant. Another result of the present study is that the duration of Facebook use during the day has a significant effect on political trust. Furthermore, the length of one's membership on Facebook has a significant effect on political trust. Following the political news and information has a significant impact on people's political trust. The level of having fun and entertainment in Facebook has a significant effect on users' political trust.

 This article studies and analyzes the role of Karaj prisons in political, social and cultural changes of this metropolis between 2006 and 2019. accordingly, the main question of the present research is: What is the role of Karaj metropolis prisons on the political, social and cultural changes of this metropolis between the years from 2006 to 2019?The temporary response to the main question is: Karaj city has slowed the political development process, also caused social challenges such as increasing crime and informal settlements and cultural challenges between 2006 and 2019 in Karaj metropolis.Alborz province is one of the most important and populated regions of the country. There are significant development differences between different regions of Alborz province. The most important development planning steps are setting development goals and reducing imbalance. To identify regional disparities and provide regional development indicators, we need to review the current situation and indicators of development in different economic, social and cultural sectors in Karaj. The present study, is an applied research which is conducted through survey and descriptive – analytical from the perspective of purpose.

The aim of the present study was to determine the mental patterns of the elites of the party activities of Ilam province regarding the obstacles to the success of the party activities and its establishment in the country. Based on the applied purpose, in terms of exploratory nature and in terms of data collection, the present research method is a survey that was determined using QQ method of different mental patterns of party and political activists to the obstacles to the success of party activities in Ilam province. The QQ discourse space was created to collect QQ phrases, read written sources, and conduct 12 in-depth interviews with top party activists in the province who were purposefully selected, and finally, after reviewing 68 phrases, 49 QQ cards were obtained, sociology and political sociology at the universities of Ilam province in order to prioritize them. Kyu's findings showed that there were five dominant mental patterns among the members of the Kyu sample, including a weak party system, strong traditionalism, low social awareness, strong party interests, and poor political development. 70.9% of the variance in the success of party activities at the national level is explained by these mental patterns. Based on the identified patterns, it can be interpreted that the existence of cultural and traditional barriers in the heart of society and low political literacy among elites and party elements has prevented the formation and strengthening of party activities in Ilam province.

One of the most obvious achievements of the defendant's rights, human rights and protection and guarantee in all stages of the trial in order to provide the necessary legal grounds to enjoy a fair trial and civil rights, is the assistance and support of a lawyer during criminal proceedings. The realization of the basic and essential rights of the accused in benefiting from free lawyers is selectable and selected from the basic effects of civil rights and is one of the most natural features of a fair trial. In various criminal policy models and various international instruments, criminal policymakers have typically recognized the extra-legislative, legislative, and sub-legislative provisions of a person's right to be charged with access to and support of a lawyer, but with many problems in enforcing the right. Is facing. Thus, this study examines the status and means provided in order to protect this high human right as one of the influential factors in civil rights in ensuring a fair trial in criminal matters from the perspective of criminal policy models with emphasis on liberal and authoritarian model. Examining the contrast between the two views and opposing views on the criteria for having a lawyer in order to have a fair trial. ..Causing damage to the fundamental rights of the person under surveillance or on suspicion of criminal policy patterns, especially the pattern of powerful criminal policy during the trial.

Utilizing a trade facilitation agreement and establishing a single window of cross-border trade at customs is one of the best possible approaches. In line with that, traders can provide relevant business information or required documents through a single portal to establish communication between the parties involved in the field of trade through this system electronically. From this perspective, the present article, after expanding the conceptual space of the issue, will examine customs issues. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method in this research is library. The main question of the article is: What effects will the use of the trade facilitation agreement and the business unit window have on the legal system of Iran and Malaysia?In response to this question, it is hypothesized that: "Approval of the Trade Facilitation Agreement and the window of the business unit in the legal system of Iran and Malaysia through the protection of intellectual property and privacy can promote the development of citizenship rights and play an effective role in reducing corruption."Therefore, it can be concluded that in the implementation of the agreement to facilitate trade and create a single window; With system automation, it will be possible for economic actors to provide the necessary information to a unit in specific forms and receive all permits and legal issues related to their activities from the same point.Therefore, this will be a positive step to facilitate matters, increase transparency and reduce systemic corruption.

 Violence against women as one of the most widespread human rights abuses, has always been of interest to the international community, especially women's rights advocates. This has attracted the attention and sensitivity of various governments, including Iran, and has led to the enactment of numerous international laws, treaties, and documents aimed at curbing violence against women. Given this issue, in the present study, we want to examine and analyze the laws of Iran regarding the prohibition of violence against women. The question that this research seeks to answer is what is Iran's legislative criminal policy regarding violence against women? Findings show that Iran's legislative criminal policy towards the prohibition of violence against women in different periods with the impact of treaties, conferences, resolutions, declarations and other recommendations and numerous meetings held by the United Nations and governments in There is. The national, regional and international arena is set up, there are different approaches in different laws. Also the results of the present study indicate that the Iranian legislature, in its legislative criminal policy against violence against women, has considered three approaches to the principle of equality, positive discrimination and negative discrimination in the law.

In the course of contemporary Iranian history, there have been many social uprisings and popular protests against colonialism and tyranny, the roots of which can be traced to the Constitutional Revolution as the most important and richest social capital of contemporary Iran. In this article, using the spiritual norms and qualitative elements of social capital such as: religious teachings, faith in God, the spirit of martyrdom, self-sacrifice, Ashura culture, etc., he has explained the developments of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. The present study is descriptive-analytical and a combination of the method of studying and collecting libraries and reputable scientific research sites. Considering that "normative theory" emphasizes the application of spiritual values, especially the rule of values, so the method of this research in relation to It is normative and pays attention to the indigenous and religion-oriented approach. Since in the view of Putnam, a prominent Western theorist, the indicators of social capital are based on the norms of trust and cooperation and play an important role in facilitating collective action, so some passages from this research are inspired by his theory. The purpose of this study is to achieve the factors and achievements of social capital that have been influential in the era of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.

Electronic commerce is considered as the industrial revolution of the 21st century which is rapidly expanding and advancing with the emergence of the internet. Although, employing electronic gadgets in commerce is not a new phenomenon and telephone and telegraph have long been used for contracts and commercial agreements. Business relations between people have also changed due to these advances and legal affairs have also been dragged into these advancements. Prevalence and growing expansion of electronic transactions in the developed countries and the need for its progression in the developing countries have led lawyers into trying to fill legal gaps and affairs related to this type of transaction. In this area, the issue of offer and acceptance as the means of declaring the wills of both parties in an electronic transaction is of high importance. In fact, in electronic commerce in Iran and France, new relations are established between the businessman and the consumer, which on one hand takes some distance from the traditional schematic and on the other hand, new intermediaries are formed in contacting the customers.

Qatar, as one of the small and small countries in the Persian Gulf with large energy resources to which it has invested a lot of money, and of course the use of Al Jazeera media network in recent years has tried to get rid of Saudi Arabia and To create a new balance of power in the Middle East. Therefore, in addition to Al-Jazeera money and network, we should not ignore the intellectual foundations of the Muslim Brotherhood discourse in this country; Who infiltrated Qatar in the 1950s and the time of Sheikh Ali Abdullah Al Thani, and later in 1961, with the arrival of Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi in Qatar, the country's leaders tried to use this discourse to alienate Wahhabism. Saudi Arabia and become one of the most powerful and influential countries in the Islamic world. What is presented in this article as the main issue and goal; Explaining the effects of he Qatar Brotherhood discourse on the developments in the Arab world known as the Islamic Awakening from 2010 to 2018. The article's findings show that Qatari leaders, unlike other GCC member states, have supported revolutionaries and protesters by supporting opponents of authoritarian regimes and working with media outlets such as Al Jazeera and supporting Brotherhood scholars and scholars. They see regional developments as a new opportunity to reduce regional threats and activate their foreign policy,and to gain political leadership in the Arab and foreign worlds by creating a new regional order.

User behavior when participating in cyberspace is influenced by several factors. Over the years, researchers have studied the behavior of users and while identifying the factors affecting it, have proposed various models to explain how they participate. The purpose of this article is to identify the individual values ​​that affect the participation behavior of cyberspace users and provide a model. Participatory behavior means using the facilities provided in cyberspace, including communicating, exchanging ideas and information, sharing text and images, and interacting with other people present in cyberspace. The present study is methodologically in the combined research group and first the qualitative approach and deductive content analysis method for model design and then the quantitative approach and structural equation model method for testing and validation of the model have been used. Research data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique with experts. Findings indicate the effectiveness of users' participatory behavior from individual value variables through mediating variables of attitude, desire and intention. Findings indicate a significant relationship between the components of individual factors and social effects and attitudes that were explained in previous research. The components of the value of entertainment, social promotion, self-exploration, stability of interpersonal relationships that have been identified from comparative studies and earning income and job opportunities and behavioral habits identified in qualitative research have a great impact on cyberspace users' behavior.

In this paper, the harms and weaknesses of the field of education in the educational system of that period are examined. Influenced by his ideal triangle - modernization, centralism and nationalism - Reza Shah turned to the institution of education to modernize with the tools of centralism and the ideology of nationalism. But ignoring the country's cultural and social conditions created obstacles to advancing his goals, forcing him to turn to authoritarianism to remove obstacles that resulted in absolute tyranny. The result of this process was serious damage in the serious matter of breeding, the most important of which are: 1 - Neglecting the need of the society for indigenous breeding; Instead, 2- Denying the language and culture of Iranian ethnic groups (in order to promote the Persian language); 3- Moving the target instead of the device; 4- Lack of political upbringing and sociability; 5 - Improper imitation in the education system; 6 - Lack of development of creativity and critical thinking; 7 - Lack of strengthening faith in religious and Islamic principles; 8 - Lack of attention to creativity And innovation for school teachers and educators. This article has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library documents and its purpose is to explain the weaknesses and shortcomings of the educational system of the first Pahlavi period. This research can be a great help for researchers to have a correct understanding of the educational situation of the Iranian educational system

Companies Strategic Indicators in the Field of Eleventh, Fifteenth, and Fifteenth of Each of the Challenges in the Fourth Century. In this study, we first identify strategic indicators by studying libraries and analyzing and evaluating expert opinions. Were. Based on the research, strategic indicators were identified in 44 projects in participatory projects, which were approved based on the validity of Lavasheh conducted among research experts. Then, the identified strategic indicators based on Postel algorithm were evaluated and analyzed in four stages of project life and it was shown in which period of the project life cycle the 44 indicators are introduced and need to be evaluated and monitored. Then, based on this classification, the risks of non-implementation of indicator monitoring in 44 identified areas were evaluated and selected based on the opinion of experts, and the identified risks were ranked based on the fuzzy BWM approach. Then, based on Demetel approach, risk dependence was analyzed and control measures were identified and ranked based on data network analysis method.

This research was aimed at Providing a Model for Improving the Work Ethics of Mathematics Teachers . The statistical population in the qualitative section consisted of Academic and organizational experts including School principals. The sample size is estimated in the qualitative section with the saturated saturation (20 people) and in the quantitative section 160 All high school math teachers working in Gorgan schools according to the Morgan table. A sample of qualitative sample was used for purposeful sampling and in a small part of the compilation sampling (Cluster random sampling). The data collection tool was interviewed in the qualitative section and in the quantitative section the questionnaire was based on the 5-point scale. Validity of the questionnaire from a formal and content perspective through several experts, convergence validity was calculated by calculating the mean of variance extracted and cross-check validity was verified by calculating AVE optimization. Reliability questionnaire through Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0.86 Data were analyzed using Cronbach's, AVE, AVE, K-S, confirmatory statistical analysis, Pearson correlation, scorecard rating and used techniques. The results obtained to identify 15 components and 159 indicators led to 7 influential components including Quality of work life, job motivation, ethical leadership style, organizational justice, organizational citizenship behavior, communication skills, organizational culture and the 4 effective dimensions of Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job performance, organizational silence affect on Improving the Work Ethics of Mathematics Teachers. Other results showed that the current status of identified components in Improving the Work Ethics of Mathematics Teachers.

Given that the environmental complexities and increasing changes that exist in the business world have led experts to emphasize the impact of ethics on the long-term success of the organization, therefore this article presents a model of ethical decision making. Managers in NGOs. The purpose of this study is to identify the criteria of ethical decision-making of managers in non-governmental organizations in order to take an effective step in promoting the culture of ethics and strengthening ethics in decision-making processes in non-governmental organizations. In this research, the qualitative method of data-based theory has been used. Semi-structured interviews with experts and knowledgeable people in the field of research were also used to collect information. In this study, sampling was in the form of snowballs and this work continued until it reached saturation. During the data-based process, the indicators were identified from three stages of open coding, axial coding, and finally selective coding, and finally were presented in the form of a paradigm model of ethical decision-making of managers in non-governmental organizations.

One of the issues that has been addressed in recent years is the existence of a mechanism or model for determining and evaluating the professional competencies of teachers, which has received more attention in developed countries and have been able to prepare and develop models for their educational system. To. In our country, this issue has been considered in recent years, and its infrastructure work has been done to some extent. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the analysis and validation of the professional competency model based on the Huntley model. The statistical population is all teachers working in Isfahan province. Using Cochran's formula, 345 people were selected as a statistical sample and selected by available random sampling method. Data collection tool was a Delphi method questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was assessed as content validity with the opinion of 5 experts and professors. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha test. The results show that the alpha coefficient is greater than the criterion value of 0.7, so the questionnaire has good reliability. Data analysis was performed using Smart PLS and SPSS20 software. The results show that professional knowledge, professional practice and professional commitment as components of professional competencies of teachers in Isfahan province have a high reputation.

Considering previous researches shows that Iranian oil and gas industry projects have had many uncertainties. Therefore, decision-making in these projects is constantly faced with risks such as political and social risks. With the advent of risk management techniques, it is necessary to provide a complete view of the investment risks in oil and gas projects in Iran. Therefore, in addition to economic assessments, Iranian oil companies are forced to identify factors of uncertainty and analyze risks in investment projects. Therefore, this study seeks to provide a framework for assessing investment risks in oil and gas projects. For this purpose, first, by studying the research background and consulting with experts, 21 risks were categorized. Using the fuzzy Delphi approach, the identified risks were refined and finalized. In this study, the best-worst method was used to weigh the risks. Among the identified risks, the most critical risks were identified using the MULTIMOORA method.

In the era of Islamic conquests, the simple financial system of Islam dealt with the financial system of Iranian and Roman civilization. In this confrontation, the Islamic caliphs realized that not only the financial system of Islam is not responsible for the Islamic world todayRather, they saw it in the interest of their government to apply indigenous and territorial regulations to further their own goals and objectives. The rulers in Iran dealt with the financial system, which was much more complex and orderly than their financial system And he would give revenue to the caliphate, which would encourage the caliphs to use this financial system. In this study, we try to examine how the Arab conquerors treated the Iranian financial system, which has a long and systematic history. The tolerance of Islamic caliphs with the Iranian financial system and the influence of the caliphate on the Iranian tax system is the subject of this study.

The word "disruption" has been used many times in various laws, but the legislature has not yet provided a precise definition of the term in any law. Examining the reasons mentioned in Islamic Sharia and also the ruling spirit of Sharia shows that the issuance of many rulings and one of the ultimate goals of the jurisprudential laws, is related to the protection of the people's livelihood system and the Shari'a at the time of the issuance and implementation of rulings, He has never been unaware of the obstacles and factors that disrupt people's lives. The main issue of the present article is the study of the jurisprudential principles of the sanctity of economic disruption in the three areas of production, distribution and consumption. This research has been compiled with reference to library sources and qualitative interpretive method and seeks to answer the question that what is the specific basis for various areas of disruption in the economic system? The results of the research show that the jurisprudential principles in the field of production include: unhealthy economic circulation in the whole society, smuggling of goods and currency and corruption on earth. These jurisprudential principles in the field of distribution are: compensation for the devaluation of money, injustice and class distance and monopoly. Also, the jurisprudential principles in the field of consumption include the following: extravagance and waste, and non-observance of consumer rights.

In the mirror of the Divan of Ghazals, Hafez, while addressing lyrical, romantic, mystical, etc. issues, has also spoken about political and social issues, especially human rights. In various verses, he has repeatedly protested against the shortcomings of human rights and called on his audience to observe it directly and indirectly. To achieve this goal, Hafez has made innovations, including the development of Rand's personality. The main issue of the present study, which is based on library resources and comparative methods, is to examine Hafez's human rights motives for addressing Rand's character in order to answer the question, what human rights did the poet refer to in this way? The main hypothesis of the research is based on the principle that Hafez focuses on important concepts such as: equality and social justice; Personal and social security; Political, public and psychological freedoms; Human dignity; Economic, social, and cultural rights have been contemplated by representing Rand's verbal and practical actions. Overall, Hafez's creation in the Divan of Ghazals has been a critical and protest attempt to highlight the human rights-related deprivations in Iranian society and to increase the scope of knowledge and insight of the oppressed people. Also, in this way, the dual "insider / foreigner" is described and highlighted in the whole political structure of Iranian society.

One of the disputes between the jurists is the issue of the permission of the compulsory guardian in the marriage of a grown virgin girl, which is enshrined in Article 1043 of the Civil Code. From the jurisprudential point of view, the principle is the lack of guardianship over the adult Rashid in financial and non-financial affairs. Regarding the "marriage" of a virgin girl, according to some jurists, the guardianship of the father and grandfather over the adult person is exceptionally fixed. From the appearance of the original text of Article 1043 and subsequent amendments, it appears that the legislator, deviating from the famous saying of the Imami jurists, has chosen the promise of "sharing the will" of the daughter and the guardian. The present article, which is organized with the aim of examining the legal developments of the mentioned article, analyzes the sayings of jurists and jurists using jurisprudential and legal sources and descriptive-analytical method. The author, according to the jurisprudential evidences and the principles of the sayings of the jurists, has taken the promise of not proving the guardianship of the father and grandfather among the five sayings and believes that the marriage of a grown virgin girl without the permission of the guardian is valid. The most important achievements of the research are: the lack of proof of the guardianship of the father and grandfather in the marriage of a virgin girl; Fall of the province in case of deterioration of virginity due to legitimate vat.

Today, in some countries, in order to deal decisively with certain crimes (organized crime, terrorism, Drugs related crimes, etc.) and based on the interests arising from political ideologies in criminal proceedings, the accused rights in the preliminary investigation stage with restrictions So that in them we see a kind of differential criminal policy with the dominance of pervasive authoritarianism. The present article, using a descriptive-analytical method and the use of library resources while analyzing the formal regulations of Iran and other countries, seeks to answer the fundamental question of what approach the authoritarian model of penal policy under the influence of criminal policymakers to limit countries Has the accused rights been transferred to the preliminary investigation stage? It seems that today the security approach, while affecting the principles of predicting the rights of the accused, as well as the various rules and principles related to them, especially in the preliminary investigation stage, has significant effects that sometimes prevail in the democratic model of criminal policy. Exceptions to some of the rights of the accused at this stage take on a legislative effect. Legislators, therefore, favor a security-oriented approach while maintaining their political structure, but accepting a kind of discriminatory criminal policy in formal regulations and the manner in which the rules of criminal procedure are implemented.

This research is functional in terms of goal, extensive in breadth, micro in scope and cross-sectional in terms of timing. Field research method using survey technique was applied and the data collection instrument was questionnaire. The statistical population includes all the youths in Isfahan out of which a sample of 385 people were chosen as the sample size using Cochran’s formula through proportionate stratified sampling. In order to investigate validity, confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity techniques (AVE index) were used and to calculate reliability Cronbach’s alpha test was utilized. The theoretical framework of the research includes different thinkers’ theories, most of which refer to Giddens and Burger’s theory of reflexivity. In the present research the extent of modernism among Isfahani youths was investigated. Then the effect of modernism and its components i.e., global orientation, individualism, futurism, and fashionism, on identity reflexivity in youths have been investigated. Consequently the average amount of modernism and identity reflexivity and their dimensions were estimated higher than average. Regarding the analysis conducted using Smart PLS software, the results indicated that modernism affects identity reflexivity in youths (0.481), and among modernism components, futurism enjoyed the highest path coefficient(0.453), and following that, fashionism (0.437), and global orientation(0.322) had the highest effects, respectively. In other words, the data fits the model and the indices are representative of the desirability of the structural equation model. Additionally, the dimensions of individualism had no influence on identity reflexivity in youths.

 Given the importance of the evolution of the administrative system, the need to examine the current situation and identify its issues and problems This article predicts the evolution of the administrative system in the field of human resources based on deterrents.The existing research in terms of purpose, application and development has been done by library and survey method.The statistical population of this study is all employees of the executive apparatus of Kerman that 450 people have been selected as a sample using stratified random sampling method. Data collection tools, two researcher-made questionnaires used to prevent the implementation of administrative system transformation in the field of human resources and administrative system transformation questionnaire were used. The results showed that lack of meritocracy, inadequate education, value and structural factors, ambiguity of goals, lack of dominance of continuous improvement thinking, relationalism and inefficient leadership, Factors hindering the implementation of the transformation of the administrative system in the field of human resources, which simultaneously explain 0.332 of the variance of the implementation of the transformation of the administrative system.

Education is one of the determining components in the field of national power, economic development and social welfare. Therefore, it is necessary for educational planners and policy makers, teachers and education officials to know the requirements and requirements of tomorrow's life in order to be able to cultivate the knowledge and insight needed in children and adolescents to work in tomorrow's society. In line with this policy, identifying the characteristics of efficient and effective education is of particular importance. Therefore, some societies try to improve their progress by following the example of successful educational programs in other countries. The aim of this study is a comparative demographic study of educational indicators in the education system of Iran and Singapore by descriptive-analytical method. By preparing a questionnaire and distributing it among the educational elites of Iran and Singapore, the status of each of the educational indicators and sub-indicators from the perspective of the educational elites of the two countries has been studied using t-test and chi-square. In terms of prioritization of sub-indicators, the sub-indicator of students' performance in international exams in Singapore and the sub-indicator of graduation rate of primary school students in Iran have the highest rank in terms of educational elites.

Waive of right is an important topic that is given special attention in various jurisprudential and legal issues,law scholars consider the goal of providing legal rules as providing human freedom and respect for the personality and the rights of individual.As human being has the right to freely develop his spritual and material activities :he has the freedom to deprive himself of same rights. Free will in deprivation of right is one of the important issues of legal Freedom.So that the lack of it makes human life difficult and impossible.Principle of waive right in Iranian Iow and Egypt has similarities and differences.Egyptian law has paid special attention to customand natural rights and Justice.The virtue of custom in the sunni view has added to its importance in Egyptian law. While in Iranian law regard 0less of non attribution to the fundamentals of natural rights and Justice considering the official religon of the country ,the custom does not have the same importance in this 1318 civil law.

The intellectual movement that began almost from the Qajar era caused fundamental changes in Iranian society. The perpetrators of this idea were men such as Mirza Malkam Khan,Kermani, Akhundzadeh and Kasravi. Although the dominant discourse of this movement was masculine, it started to reform women's affairs by discussing women's issues. The present study seeks to analyze the role of intellectual men in shaping women's demands. The main question is how the intellectual current caused the expression of women's demands? It is assumed that the confrontation with the West and the advancement of women caused the attention of male intellectuals to women and their desires. The materials collected in this research are from library sources and are expressed in a descriptive-analytical method. The purpose of this article is to explain how the formation of intellectual circles in Iran, the thinkers of this movement and finally the position of women in this movement. The findings of the study indicate that concepts such as law, freedom, equality and the need for awareness through communication with the West were first introduced in Iranian society. Inspired by the Western model, intellectuals made changes to the dominant style of government at the time and called for the rule of law. These demands gradually spread to the field of women, and although slowly, they promoted the status of women and the courage to express their demands.

Paying attention to the general problems of the society and adopting measures to solve them is one of the duties of governments that differentiate them from the private sector. , Policy evaluation, policy change and finally the end of the policy is one of the issues that countries are facing today.The purpose of this study is to provide a model for the acceptance of public policies in the field of personnel by the target community. The research method in this research is qualitative-quantitative, and using the Delphi approach, the dimensions and components of acceptance of public policies in the field of personnel by the target community have been extracted.In this research, based on research literature, 114 sub-criteria and 22 main criteria have been identified, which were provided to experts in two rounds of Delphi. Finally, 96 final sub-criteria were identified.The effect of the variables identified in the model showed that all identified factors have a significant effect on explaining the acceptance of policies. The control and evaluation factor of 0.798 has the most effect in explaining the acceptance of policies and the implementation tool of 0.297 has least effect.Based on the ranking of the main factors of the study, obstacles with a rank of 15.23 have the highest priority. Interference and dependence with the rank of 14.68 is in the second priority. The cultural factor with a rank of 14.48 is in the third priority and interaction and communication with a rank of 4.12 is in the last priority.

Following the changes in the nature of real estate ownership in Article 22 of the Registration Law from the period of its approval in 1310 to the changes in its provisions in 1333, 1351 and finally in 1395 by the Guardian Council, shows a procedure in the legislature. Is that it adapts inflexible logical and legal interests to the interests and conditions of society. Examining the property system of real estate in other countries, it is important to note that in many countries the property system is based on their indigenous background on ownership and its historical course. The most important distinction between ownership attitudes is the authenticity of the registration of immovable property (creative system) or the authenticity of the owner (certification system) at the time of the transaction. However, most of the research conducted by Iranian jurists in relation to Article 22 of the Registration Law only deals with its logical and legal feasibility, according to which less conflicts have arisen and the burden of courts in this field is less and interpretation in This field is minimized. However, considering the background of theoretical issues of property in Islamic jurisprudence and law, the feasibility of the conflict between these documents and official documents has been examined and finally a proposal on proving ordinary documents for ownership; And not merely provide it as evidence for claims other than conflict with an official document.

Donald Trump has repeatedly cited America's unfavorable situations as a result of the policies of previous governments. By announcing the slogan "Make America Great Again", Donald Trump emphasizes that the United States is no longer as exceptional as it used to be, and we must restore United States to its original and exceptional place. To this end, Donald Trump has made improving the country's internal situation a priority. This is a descriptive-analytical research that has been compiled using articles and library resources. The purpose of this research is to answer the main question that, What axes does Donald Trump's foreign policy focus on rebuild America's greatness? To fulfill the slogan "Make America Great Again", US foreign policy during the presidency of Donald Trump emphasizes four axes: "opposition to American globalism", "immigration", "trade", and "nation-building". Donald Trump seeks to rebuild America's greatness as a model society to emulate and follow in the world.

Oil and gas reciprocal sale agreements, like other existing agreements in the field of foreign investment, have a special territory and principles that have been formed in each country according to the existing regulations and the agreements between them that the parties conclude. But the important question that the authors seek in this article is what is the legal scope and basis of oil and gas reciprocity agreements in the international arena and in Iranian law? In response to this issue, it should be noted that the scope and basis of this type of contract can be studied according to the legislative policy of countries such as Iranian law in accordance with existing jurisprudence and regulations.The principles governing the principles of reciprocity agreements and new patterns of oil contracts can be described in cases such as harmonization and standardization of oil contracts, commitment to the condition of guarantees for the parties to oil contracts and the expansion of trade relations. Therefore, in the present study, the dimensions of the research subject will be studied descriptively and analytically, citing library sources.

The need for an effective criminal policy in any legal system is to pay attention to the rights of victims and fully compensate them for the harm caused by crime, so that the specific position of crimes against humanity can be examined among other international crimes. Rules and regulations relating to compensation for victims of crimes against humanity from the beginning of the recognition of this concept in international criminal courts, including the statutes of the International Criminal Court of Nuremberg and Tokyo, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and subsequent efforts by the Court. International criminal law in this regard and criteria The provisions of this Code and the Rules of Procedure of the Court, as well as the review of important rulings and the judicial procedure of these courts regarding the compensation of victims, are discussed in this statute and according to regional efforts to compensate victims, including in European conventions and The American Human Rights Watch notes the most important cases of the International Criminal Court and the role of the Trust Fund in compensating victims of such crimes. Although positive steps have been taken to improve the rights of individuals with existing rules to compensate, it seems that all these measures have failed. Makes it happen Forgiveness of full restorative justice and compensation for victims of crimes against humanity, Keywords: Compensation, Victims, Crimes against Humanity, Restorative Justice, International Criminal Court

In this article, the legislative, executive and structural obstacles and challenges of the semi-liberty system will be discussed, and among them it can be said that the judicial culture among judges regarding semi-liberty has not yet taken the necessary form and public and social culture-building. Has not been and the centers and organizations of semi-freedom have not been established yet. The article also mentions the challenge of the necessity of pardoning a private plaintiff that even if there are conditions and the judge of the criminal court agrees, if the plaintiff does not pardon, he can not be sentenced to half freedom Legal enforcement guarantee in case of recidivism by a person enjoying a semi-liberty system. Regarding violations of the law, it is better to amend the law and need to explain more examples of semi-liberty, and in the absence of an executive guarantee, while amending the law, measures similar to those under parole should be adopted. Regarding structural challenges such as lack of financial context, it is necessary to consider some necessary financial resources, and regarding the lack of independent organization, it is necessary to create a special organization under the direct supervision of the judiciary. There is also ambiguity in the current laws regarding the role of the prosecutor and the execution judge, which requires an explicit text. In addition, training the agents of the criminal justice system by raising awareness can lead to the acceptance and better implementation of the semi-liberal method.

Iran is relatively large country with different climates capable of producing variety of agricultural products. Iran is in fact able to export different agricultural products throughout the year to all neighboring countries as well as outside the Middle East. Due to the relatively cheap storage and durability, nuts have been the most important goods in the agricultural sector to export. Planning in different dimensions of exports, type of goods and importing country destination are the most important concerns of this trade. In one hand, the sun shine, variety of nuts and the market taste and preferences for Iranian nuts is the advantages to export. On the other hand, the uuncertainty about the exchange rate is considered one of the main determinants of international trade and is of particular importance in agricultural markets. The main aim in this research is to estimate the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on exports of Iranian different kinds of nuts using a three-dimensional GARCH model concerning the period 1992-2018. The results show that the effect of the Iranian exchange rate uncertainty on importing countries is -0.15, and among the different nuts, after pistachios, dates with a coefficient of 15.0 affect the nuts export growth.

Recognizing and introducing the early Shiite scholars is one of the research works that scholars have usually read. Necessities and goals have been stated for such researches, through which it is possible to reach their different ideas in different chapters of sciences and their tendencies. The late Hassan ibn Yusuf ibn Motahar Hali, one of the famous and prolific Shiite scholars whose research, especially political thought, not only clarifies his method and political orientation, but also influenced his students, is the late Hassan ibn Yusuf ibn Motahar Hali. It is known as Allameh Hali. Allama Hali was one of the Shiite jurists and theologians of the eighth century AH. Oljaito informed the Ilkhanid kings of Allameh's position and scientific authority and invited him to Iran, and Allameh was able to provide lasting services during his 11 years in Iran, such as; Recognition of Shiite religion as the only religion of Iranians, promotion of rich Shiite culture, proof of Imam Ali (AS) guardianship. The finding of the present study in this field is that the late Allameh theoretically divided governments into legitimate and illegitimate categories and legitimized government for God and anyone who has been appointed by God, such as; The Prophet, the Infallible Imam (AS) and the comprehensive jurist know the conditions and know the illegitimate government in them. The research method in this paper is more descriptive-analytical.

This article describes in detail and reasonably the definition, necessity and identification of the benefits of wildlife citizenship. The most important output and result of this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, is the text of the proposed law of the institution of citizenship of wild animals, which consists of 6 articles and 1 note. The most important articles of this proposed law are: 1. The rights of protection and protection of animals by a certain government arise from the relationship of citizenship. 2. Under what conditions will wild animals belong to a particular country, including Iran? 3. The citizenship of the infant of wild animals and aquatic animals shall be subject to the mother and the offspring shall belong to the mother and the mother country. 4. The migrating animal will have the citizenship of the destination country as soon as it enters the territory or territory of the destination country. 5. In the course of migration, any encroachment or violation of the rights of the migrating animal by individuals can be pursued and defended by any of the country of destination and origin. 6. If it is not possible to identify effective citizenship during migration: If the animal has crossed the border of the country of origin, it will be protected by the country of destination.

Referral to arbitration requires the consent of both parties. This compromise is legally a contract that can be concluded in different ways. But two more common methods are: First, concluding an arbitration agreement independently of the contract or the main transaction (basic contract) whereby the parties agree to refer the dispute between them to arbitration (independent arbitration agreement). Second, conciliation to arbitration as a condition of the main contract, according to which the parties agree to resolve disputes and claims arising from the contract through arbitration (condition of arbitration in the contract) and in either of these two methods; Arbitration contracts should be considered as subsidiary contracts that are always concluded on the occasion of a main contract (sale, transportation of goods, insurance, etc.). This sub-feature of the arbitration contract has led to the question that if the original contract is void or terminated, what effect does its annulment and termination have on the arbitration contract? If we consider the annulment or termination of the original contract as effective in the life of the arbitration contract, we are faced with the vicious cycle that the annulment of the original contract causes the annulment of the arbitration contract and the arbitrator who votes for the annulment of the original contract based on the invalid contract And issued ineffective. In order to eliminate such problems, in most countries of the world, it is accepted that the arbitration contract is independent of the original contract, and as a result.

The most important crime against the physical integrity of individuals is premeditated murder, which has different punishments under the laws of different countries. New approaches by the legislator can be seen in the regulations on retaliation in the Penal Code of 1392. It seems eliminating the legislative gaps in the previous regulations is one of these approaches. Hence, there are fewer ambiguities in the new penal code on issues such as the powers of the guardian of the minor, the status of the order to kill another, and the guarantee of the criminal execution of murder victims. Another approach is to protect the public order of society, which she has shown in the form of cases such as protecting all victims of premeditated murder and giving the parents the right to receive blood money without the consent of the killer. In addition, the new legislative view of legitimate defense, as well as the issue of the perpetrator's awareness of the lethality of the act, indicates the deliberate use of the existing capacity of different jurisprudential approaches to resolve legal and judicial problems. In this article, in a descriptive-analytical method and using library tools, the aim is to examine the legislator in setting the rules of retribution, especially in the field of punishment of the parents of the victim, the initial request and issuance of a sentence of retribution in the punishment of Islamic law 1392.

Banks are one of the most important institutions and the main pillar of the financial system of any economy, which, by attracting and allocating financial resources efficiently, provide the necessary platform to achieve economic growth and development, as the most important economic goal of the country. However, if the method of attracting and using deposits in the form of facilities is done in an unfavorable manner, it not only does not provide the means for economic growth and development, but also causes a crisis in the society. deposit and payment of facilities) and the economic growth of the provinces with different conditions were discussed. To achieve this, the provincial data (31 provinces) during the years 1391 to 1398 and the combined methods of Johansen and Julesius and vector error correction were used, based on The results of the amount of facilities, deposits and economic growth in the short and long term have a positive and meaningful effect on each other. Therefore, the interest-free banking system and the economic growth of the provinces have a reciprocal and increasing effect on each other.

The Ashura movement has always been the focus of various currents such as opponents and enemies of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) due to its effectiveness. The extent of influence and the role of revivalism and anti-tyranny of this movement caused that even before the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (AS), doubts were raised from historical, jurisprudential and theological aspects. Most of these suspicions were raised by the biased and enemies of Shiism with the intention of destroying the goals and nature of the Ashura uprising. Some of the doubts in this field are jurisprudential; Because on the surface, some of the actions of Imam Hussain (a.s.) are not in accordance with the jurisprudential rules that the jurists are committed to in deriving rulings, or they are based on other rules, so the jurists in their jurisprudential works have to examine and evaluate the compatibility of these cases with The rules of jurisprudence have been paid. In this article, after identifying the most important types of jurisprudential doubts about Ashura, the flow theory (creators of doubts) and phenomenology (disputing factors) of doubts have been discussed, and by examining and evaluating them, gaps leading to fueling doubts and lack of understanding have been identified. And accepting the answers presented is explained as a difference in Imam's knowledge.

According to the historians of Iranian history, there are many internal factors underlying the constitutional movement, one of which was the political associations that in the years before the constitutional movement, made a tireless effort to fight tyranny and corruption of the government and ultimately led to victory. The constitutional movement and the formation of political parties were formed. These associations, which played a role in the internal intellectual fields of the constitutional movement, can be called the official initiators of civil partnerships in Qajar Iran, which according to their statutes were divided into political, state, provincial, trade union, religious, literary and regional associations. One of the major political organizations that called for reforms in the structure of the pyramid of power and government in Qajar Iran and emerged during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah was the "secret political" associations, especially the secret society. In this research, the author tries to address the role of the secret society in the constitutional movement.

Tax evasion is a sinister economic phenomenon that has challenged various governments around the world. Considering the importance of this phenomenon in Iran, the purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of social and behavioral factors on tax evasion. In this regard, using questionnaire information from 100 experts and tax managers, the research model has been tested with the structural equation modeling (PLS) approach. Data analysis has been done in two parts of measurement model and structural model. In this regard, the technical features of the questionnaire, including reliability, convergent validity and divergent validity, were examined and the necessary corrections were made. In the structural part, the structural coefficients of the model were evaluated to check the research hypotheses. According to the research results, tax justice has a negative and significant effect on tax evasion. On the other hand, tax justice has an effect on tax evasion indirectly and with the variable mediating role of economic corruption. Also, the effect of people around who do not pay taxes properly on tax evasion is positive and significant, and this variable with the mediating variable of ethics also has an effect on tax evasion. In general, it can be said that from a social point of view, the government should try to increase people's trust in the tax system through various methods, including public announcement of the expenditure of tax revenues, so that tax compliance increases in this way.

In addition to guaranteeing the country's economy in the field of animal husbandry, the nomads also protected the borders due to their militant spirit and were autonomous in managing the affairs of their tribe.Tribal policy in the threshold of pahlavi reign turned to a fearful problem.In the following of nomads of phobia to nomads against in between pahlavi intellectuals caused the government to emancipate of the fear,seeking direct confront to tribes.Pahlavi reign came at a price of transformation tribal society with comments to marco policy.For this reason new dimensions,on government conflicts and tribes added than previous goverments.Since in Rezakhan consideration,any tipe of autonomous nomads movement construed to tribe stubborness and obstinacy.Mps support and protection and their press made Rezakhan movement in the direction of creating central government and security among tribes.therefore resource fulness for tribes in prior of Rezakhan's renovation program was founded on three main bases,repression,disarmament and negation of power tribal heads and settling of tribes.positive and negative political,economical and cultural results followed on Iranian tribal society .This research is in search for proving the items.

Political development is one of the branches of development with the aim of achieving progress, industrialization, poverty alleviation, elimination of dependence, structural changes and reforms in all sections of society and the transition from the unfavorable state of past life to better conditions. Considering the importance of the issue of sustainable political development, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the relationship between cultural capital and sustainable urban political development from the perspective of the citizens of Isfahan. The research method is survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population is people 18 years and older in the city of Isfahan, whose number according to the latest statistics is about 1500,000 people and 384 of them are considered as a sample size using the Cochran's formula.Findings indicate that between the total amount of cultural capital (0.32) and all its dimensions, namely objectified cultural capital (0.34), institutionalized cultural capital (0.31) and embodied cultural capital (0.37) There is a positive, direct and significant relationship with the rate of sustainable urban political development. The results obtained from the structural equation model (Smart PLS) also indicate that cultural capital has a moderate effect on sustainable urban development (0.56) and the variable of cultural capital in total (0.31) of the variance of the variable of sustainable urban political development. Explains.

The condition, like the contract, is a manifestation of the rule of will and desire of the parties, which has a direct, mediated and significant role in concluding the contract, and according to many jurists and jurists, the condition is the stimulus of farewell and creative motivation of any contract. It will not end with contracts, although in the opinion of Iranian and British jurists and even Imami jurists, the condition is a subordinate principle. When the condition is raised, it is a contract, and without a contract, the condition will be meaningless. There are restrictions in the legal system, but these restrictions have no effect on the validity of the conditions, and this will is taken into account by considering other principles such as the principle of good faith, the principle of fairness, the principle of negation of hardship and the rule of no harm with the involvement of each country's legislature. They were supported, but they imposed restrictions on its implementation in terms of public order, so in this article we will see that due to the interference of governments, individuals are not so free in determining the conditions, and even the jurists stated as a rule. No, unless they are allocated, therefore They based restrictions on the principle that in many cases those restrictions not only do not conflict with the sovereignty of states, but governments have acted to create that restriction on the basis of collective interests. Consideration of these restrictions is determined in each country.

Urgency is a state of compulsion, hardship and hardship that forces a person to do something despite his inner desire and self-healing. In Islamic law, urgency, although mentioned in the following famous hadith, is considered a justifiable factor in crime: as most jurists and some jurists have said.Any of the factors justifying the crime or eliminating criminal responsibility has many jurisprudential and legal effects: including the decline of the spiritual or legal element of the crime, permission or non-permission to resort to legitimate defense, issuance of a restraining order or cessation of prosecution, responsibility or non-criminal partners and accomplices Existence or non-existence of civil liability. Although the note of Article 55 of the Islamic Penal Code stipulates the need for financial security of the distressed person, but it seems that in the case of the distressed person doing something for the benefit of the endangered, his civil liability can be criticized.The meaning and concept of urgency, problem analysis, explanation and conditions of urgency arguments and critique of its foundations are among the topics that are examined in this article from a jurisprudential and legal point of view.

This study aims to provide a pattern for customer purchasing behavior in chain stores based on perceptional and environmental factors with the approach of political consumption oriented in Iran community. This study is applied in terms of the purpose; it is also based on sequential (qualitativequantitative) mixed method. The model was proposed qualitatively using grounded theory method. Data was collected through semi-structural interview with 20 experts and using purposive sampling method. The qualitative part of the research is explorative in terms of goal and is basic in terms of conclusion. The statistical population of the quantitative phase of the study consisted of 196 persons who have purchased from the following chain stores such as Refah, Paladium, Sunstar and Shahrvand located in Tehran. These persons were randomly selected as statistical sample using a researcher-made questionnaire that resulted from the operationalization of the existing concepts in the model. Data analysis was performed by confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations modeling using partial least square method using SmartPLS software. Results from qualitative part of the research indicated that 174 open codes, 79 sub-concepts were extracted. The extracted codes and sub-concepts were categorized into 18 concepts generating 6 main concepts. Results derivated from quantitative part of the research showed that main stimulus of customer behavior is patronage intention, demonstrating itself as WOM and repurchase intention. Also, attractive factors and perceived risk influence on the intensity of behavior demonstration.

This research has been done with the aim of examining the general rules of civil liability and its analysis and comparative study in Iranian and British law and Imami jurisprudence by analytical descriptive method. The results show that in English law, the general rules of civil liability are referred to as: liability for negligence, intentional and fault-free liability, of which negligence and liability are the most important. Civil liability in Iranian law includes: liability based on fault and no fault, the rule of causation and loss is the main element of liability based on fault and no fault, respectively. However, in Imami jurisprudence, liability based on fault and without fault is considered as a unit and contrary to Iranian law, the rule of loss and causation are not independent of each other. However, causation is not the main element of liability and mere realization of the loss does not create a guarantee without a loss factor. Finally, despite the apparent differences, the general rules of civil liability in these three systems; They are adaptable and have a common goal: "administration of justice and full compensation for wrongdoing."

In competitive markets today, the brand is no longer just an effective tool in the hands of managers. Brand is a strategic requirement that helps organizations to create more value for customers and themselves. Therefore, building a strong brand in the market is the goal of many communities and organizations, where political power in society, higher profit margins, stronger connections with circles The previous and next supply chain and many other benefits for the organization and society. These are the brands that interact and communicate with consumers before the organization, its products and services, and its employees and managers. Due to the significant gap in the country's branding industry in this study, to achieve the branding model, the quantitative method of factor analysis has been used, which is the main basis for collecting information in this method, a questionnaire in the subject area. The article was random sampling. After distributing the questionnaire and collecting information, the information obtained in different sections was analyzed and after analyzing and examining each of the hypotheses separately according to the favorable, unfavorable and Indifference in the brand-consumer relationship, suggestions and conclusions are presented. This study intends to provide a model for successful branding of Iranian products and services by examining and identifying the dimensions and variables affecting consumer brand relationships and focusing on local characteristics.

There are two significant issues in a bankruptcy event, first the people who go bankrupt and then the stop component. Now, who is bankrupt and the concept of stopping is different in different countries. In the law of the Anglo-Saxon countries and the new law of France, there is no difference between a businessman and a non-businessman, and all persons are subject to bankruptcy. In Iranian law, only businessmen and commercial companies are subject to bankruptcy. But the concept of debt relief does not exist in any of these systems. However, determining the appropriate concept of the concept of stopping is very important. In this article, we are in a position to use descriptive and analytical methods to determine the policies of various legislators in explaining the concept of suspension and to reach a balanced view of it in a way that adds to the dynamism of the bankruptcy process. Bankruptcy has social consequences, including unemployment for workers.

Artistic effects such as puns, derivation, class, proportion and combination, problems, observance of analogies, etc., from the end of the second century in the studies related to the beauty of the language of the Qur'an, the subject of discussion by scholars such as Fara, Ibn Mu'tazz, Ramani, Khattabi, Khafaji, etc. has been placed. In the contemporary period, the topics related to formalism and structuralism, which are closely related to linguistic theories, were used first in literary criticism and then in some other branches of humanities. This article, which is written in a descriptive-analytical way and with the aim of adapting the achievements of modern linguistics to traditional rhetoric in the verses of the Qur'an, while briefly reviewing the concept of form and structure and their effect in inducing content, tries to examine the Qur'an as a literary work and From this point of view, examine and link the form and structure with the content on a case-by-case basis in Surah Isra Faradid Ahl Nazar.

Marriage, as a legal institution, is a source of comfort for both men and women, and one of its important results is childbearing and reproduction. The child is one of the divine gifts, the adornment of parents and their pride, and Islamic teachings and religions ‌ have a lot of emphasis on having children. Certainly, having a child is a natural right of both men and women, and none of them, except in cases of necessity, can deprive him of this divine blessing without the consent of another. However, one of the most important practical situations in the family is the exercise of the will of one of the spouses in preventing pregnancy and childbearing, which may appear during the marriage and as a condition of refusing to have children. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine the scope of one couple's will to prevent having children during marital life and also to examine the validity or invalidity of the condition of not having a child during marriage. This research is based on the necessity of the consent of the husband or wife against the will of the other party and also the invalidity of the condition of permanent refusal without excuse of childbearing and the validity of the conditional contract.

The automobile industry is also one of the important industries that, due to its size, most of its actors enter into joint ventures, and in every country, due to its special position in the industrial production networkandafter-sales services,it is considered one of the indicators of development and in terms of communication With a chain of industries before and after it, it is considered a key industry and has a high potential in job creation and plays an effective role in economic, social and cultural growth and development.This industry has faced important social and political events such as revolution, imposed war and development programs or in relation to the imposition of unfair sanctions, therefore, a proper understanding of the current situation of this industry inside and outside the country will lead to a better understanding for decision-making and revision of some existing policies to maintain survival and continue the path.One of the industries that will later From JCPOA, it was able to exchange knowledge and technology from the opportunities created to communicate with foreign companies, the automobile industry.Iran's automobile industry, which was ranked 11th in the world with its international cooperation before the JCPOA; After the sanctions, it dropped to the 18th rank in the world; However, after the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, with the planning of the state-owned and private automobile companies and the policies of the Ministry of Mining Industry and Trade, this industry was able to increase its global ranking to 16 by reconnecting with the world.

Inter-regional and intra-regional disparities are a major problem in the regional development of developing countries.These inequalities are the result of polar growth policies and these inequalities are contrary to the principles of sustainable, balanced and justice-oriented development.The main concern of these countries has always been to achieve a balanced development. Contrary to regional development policies in Iran Based on reducing the gap between different regions and creating a balance in regional development, there are still some regions and districts They suffer from a lack of basic services and facilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social and cultural gaps caused by unbalanced development In the Makran coastal area, a researcher-made questionnaire is designed and then calculated Reliability and its narrator among the statistical sample of 484 women and men living in Makran region with 88761 people was distributed.